When relationships are presented visually, they often are much easier to understand. How will this installation affect the weight and balance of the aircraft? The following code describes the concept of an aviation citizen. For example, collaborative, student-led, instructor-led, or working group strategies are alternatives to a pure form of group learning. For example, in developing a lesson on heading indicators, the instructor could begin with a discussion of the vacuumdriven heading indicator before proceeding to a description of the radio magnetic indicator (RMI), In some subjects, certain information or concepts are common to all who use the material. This results when the material is presented as an authentic problem in a situated environment that allows the learner to "make meaning" of the information based on his or her past experience and personal interpretation. A course of training also may be limited to something like the additional training required for operating high-performance airplanes, Other terms closely associated with a course of training include curriculum, syllabus, and training course outline. Whenever possible, the various parts should be labeled or colored to clarify relationships, Production and equipment costs are limiting factors to consider in developing and using models, mock-ups, and cutaways. For instance, scale replicas are often very expensive. The guided discussion has three main parts: introduction, discussion, and conclusion. In flight training, the instructor may allow the student to follow along on the controls during the demonstration of a maneuver. Consequently, CDs and DVDs have replaced many of the projection-type instructional aids, For instructors, the convenience of CDs and DVDs is certainly an advantage. Phrases like "able to select from a list of " or "able to repeat the steps to " are better because they describe something that can be measured. It could be a private pilot certificate, an instrument rating, or an AMT certificate or rating. Computer-aided information is particularly useful for aviation maintenance activities. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by Posted at 20:01h in what does mr mckee want from tom by If the student wishes to repeat a section or a portion of the section, it can be done at any time merely by clicking on the appropriate icon, In teaching aviation students, CAL programs can be used by the instructor as another type of reference for students to study. To teach the cognitive skills needed in making decisions and judgments effectively, an instructor should incorporate analysis, synthesis, and evaluation into lessons using PBL. Overlays can also be cut into various shapes and moved about in relation to the base transparency. These programs typically allow the students to select a test, complete the questions, and find out how they did on the test. For example, it would be possible for a technicians eyes to easily move back and forth from computer-generated technical data to the actual hardware while diagnosing and correcting a maintenance problem, Trends in training indicate a shift from the typical classroom to more extensive use of a lab-type environment with computer work or study stations. Someone who teaches is, of course, a teacher or, for the purposes of this handbook, an instructor. Normally, aviation training aspires to a level of learning at the application level or higher, Standards are closely tied to objectives since they include a description of the desired knowledge, behavior, or skill stated in specific terms, along with conditions and criteria. As little extraneous activity as possible should be included in the demonstration if students are to clearly understand the instructor is accurately performing the actions previously explained. The pilot told the controllers that he would attempt an instrument approach. Meaningful transition from one main point to another keeps the students oriented, aware of where they have been, and where they are going. In addition, using sentences of different length helps, since consistent use of short sentences results in a choppy style. Similar objectives and standards are established for AMT students. They should be considered as a supplement to instructor-led training, Electronic communications, including use of computer databases, voice mail, e-mail, Internet, World Wide Web, and satellite-based, wireless communications, are routine and this explosion of information access affects aviation training. Computer-based training also can be designed so the progress of the student can be tracked and documented. Guiding a Discussion - Instructor Technique: Introduce and encourage enthusiasm to stimulate discussion, Ask lead-off questions to get the discussion underway and keep the discussion interesting and engaging, Personal Computer-Based Aviation Training Devices (PCATDs), Form habits for observance and reliance on instruments, The teaching process organizes the material an instructor wishes to teach in such a way that the learner understands what is being taught. Comprehensive examples of the desired learning outcomes, or behaviors, should be included in the standards. A good visual aid can help the instructor show the students the path that they are to travel. The scale model represents an exact reproduction of the original, while simplified models do not represent reality in all details. The reasons for using a follow-up question may vary. The projection angle should be adjusted to eliminate image distortion. [Figure 4-19], A more advanced application of computer-based training may involve less instructor control. Teaching methods or training delivery methods are discussed, as well as the use of instructional aids, In education, a course of training is a complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal. Lectures can be used to present information that would be difficult for the students to get in other ways, particularly if the students do not have the time required for research, or if they do not have access to reference material. [Figure 4-9], The lecture may be conducted in either a formal or an informal manner. The instructor may want a student to explain something more thoroughly, or may need to bring the discussion back to a point from which it has strayed, In terms of characteristics, questions can be identified as overhead, rhetorical, direct, reverse, and relay. Everyone has the opportunity to comment, listen, think, and participate. Flight Instructor Responsibilities. The height of usable objects is limited to the space between the top of the lowered projection plate and the body of the projector, usually about two or three inches. The examiner also is required to assign a practical project from each subject area. A customer wants a tail strobe light installed on his Piper Cherokee 180. Use of these questions and projects as part of the syllabus helps an instructor ensure that all subject areas for a particular class have been covered, There are many ways to incorporate design features in training materials in order to facilitate regulatory compliance, required endorsements, and recordkeeping. In many classrooms, students may not be able to see the lower half, Stand to one side of the board to avoid hiding the essential information, Adjust lighting as necessary to remove glare, Print media, including photographs, reproductions of pictures, drawings, murals, cartoons, and other print materials are valuable supplemental aids. It is used for study, training, or testing in place of the real object, which is too costly or too dangerous, or which is impossible to obtain. Such syllabi not only present the course of training in a logical step-by-step, building block sequence, they contain provisions to remind both students and instructors of critical regulatory training benchmarks which are approaching. In addition, instructors and students may lack sufficient experience with personal computers to take full advantage of the software programs that are available, Improper or excessive use of e-learning should be avoided. This might be someone saying, "But, what if ?" As instructional aids, models are usually more practical than originals because they are lightweight and easy to manipulate, A mock-up is a three-dimensional or specialized type of working model made from real or synthetic materials. Be certain of what is to be communicated, Gather the necessary data by researching for support material, Organize the material into an outline or a lesson plan. The pilot did not report any mechanical deficiencies with the airplane during the attempted approaches. This handbook is a compilation of that research and is designed to help aviation instructors become experts in the field of education, Effective instructors have a sincere interest in learning and professional growth. By being a lifelong learner, the aviation professional remains current in both aviation and education. Open-ended questions of the type used in guided discussion lend themselves readily to concepts of risk management and ADM. Early in a lesson that is to include demonstration and performance, the instructor should identify the most important learning outcomes. +44 (0)7540 787812 frances@constructionandbuildingphotography.com. A typical system consists of a CD or DVD and a computer. However, it is the instructors responsibility to plan, organize, develop, and present the major portion of a lesson, There are a number of advantages to lectures. Most projectors are bulky to handle and store, and the projector cooling fan may be noisy, Although vastly different from other projection equipment, the opaque projector reflects light from the surface of the picture or three-dimensional object onto a regular projection screen. It is actually a learned capability, which may be defined as knowledge, a skill, or an attitude. Effective problems: Relate to the real world so students want to solve them, Are open ended and not limited to one correct answer, Are connected to previously learned knowledge as well as new knowledge, Risk management, ADM, automation management, situational awareness, and Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) awareness are the skills encompassed by HOTS. Consider the continued expansion of technical terminology in everyday usage. Accident data is available at NTSBs Aviation Accident Database & Synopses at www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/query.asp/, Electronic learning or e-learning has become an umbrella term for any type of education that involves an electronic component such as the Internet, a network, a stand-alone computer, CD/DVDs, video conferencing, websites, or email in its delivery. Other aids, which are usually more expensive, are projected materials, video, computerbased programs, and models, mock-ups, or cut-aways. By removing the NTSBs determination of probable cause, a flight instructor can use the description as a case study. Many of them can be combined during the actual presentation. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. The instructor usually shows these primary relationships by developing the main points in one of the following ways: from past to present, simple to complex, known to unknown, and most frequently used to least used, In this pattern of development, the subject matter is arranged chronologically, from the present to the past or from the past to the present. Students are often accustomed to dramatic, action-packed movies or games designed as entertainment. Instructional aids are not selfsupporting; they support, supplement, or reinforce what is being taught. In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. In the teaching lecture, the instructor must develop a keen perception for subtle responses from the classfacial expressions, manner of taking notes, and apparent interest or disinterest in the lesson. This is the lead-off question and its purpose is to get the discussion started. The area of the picture or object is limited to approximately 10 inches by 10 inches, Items which may be projected are practically limitless. Learning evolves as a result of the students interactions with the game, and these games usually promote the development of critical thinking skills, Not every aviation learning objective can be delivered via this teaching method, but it should prove to be a useful tool in the instructors tool box as the number and content of educational games increase, Cooperative or group learning organizes students into small groups who can work together to maximize their own and each others learning. It can be a stand-alone software program that takes a learner from lecture to exam or it can be an interactive web-based course of instruction that involves a mixture of mandatory class attendance with e-mail discussions and assignments. Refer to Chapter 6, Planning Instructional Activity, for detailed information on requirements for an aviation training syllabus and the building-block concept for curriculum development, The main concern of the instructor is usually the more manageable task of organizing a block of training with integrated lesson plans. Sequencing also can be enhanced simply by using overlays on transparencies, stripping techniques on charts and chalk or marker boards, and by imaginative use of magnetic boards. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Because these two phases, which involve separate actions, are performed concurrently, they are discussed here under a single heading. To test each students ability to perform, the instructor requires students to work independently throughout this phase and makes some comment about how each performed the skill relative to the way it was taught. Whatever the setting, instructors need to learn how to effectively use them, For many years, educators have theorized about how the human brain and the memory function during the communicative process. With searchand-find features incorporated, a CD or DVD is a powerful information source. Furthermore, the skill or behavior described should be logical and within the overall instructional plan, Conditions are necessary to specifically explain the rules under which the skill or behavior is demonstrated. Careful preparation is one key to successful performance as a classroom lecturer. It is a realistic situation that allows the student to rehearse mentally for a situation and requires practical application of various bits of knowledge. The introduction should include an attention element, a motivation element, and an overview of key points. Take The Exams. There is general agreement about certain factors that seem pertinent to understanding the use of instructional aids, During the communicative process, the sensory register of the memory acts as a filter. The objective formulated in the last few paragraphs, for instance, is a well-defined lesson objective from the task, Pilotage and Dead Reckoning, in the Private Pilot PTS, PTS hold an important position in aviation training curricula because they supply the instructor with specific performance objectives based on the standards that must be met for the issuance of a particular aviation certificate or rating. Similarly, the instructor can prepare the prediscussion assignment more effectively while conducting research for the classroom period. Faulty habits are difficult to correct and must be addressed as soon as possible. Students become more involved in their own learning, and instructors may no longer occupy a center-stage position in a typical classroom setting. It is also a good idea at this time to let students know whether or not questions during the lecture are welcomed. Participants in a class may be located on different continents, yet share the same teaching experience. Clearly defined training objectives that the student understands are essential to the teaching process regardless of the teaching technique used, Research into how people learn has led many experts to recommend ways to present lessons that keep the attention of a class. An effective instructor uses a combination of teaching methods as well as instructional aids to achieve this goal. For example, in concluding a discussion on density altitude, an instructor might give a fairly complete description of an accident which occurred due to a pilot attempting to take off in an overloaded airplane from a short runway at a high-altitude airport on a hot day, The summary should be succinct, but not incomplete. For these reasons, it is likely to hold the interest of the students, An instructor who is thoroughly prepared or who has made the presentation before can usually speak effectively without notes. Blocks for instructor endorsements also may be included at appropriate points. This review and wrap-up of ideas reinforces student learning and improves the retention of what has been learned. The teaching process organizes the material an instructor wishes to teach in such a way that the learner understands what is being taught. The training record can be reviewed and the students training status easily assessed in case the student transfers to another school or instructor, Another example of enhanced, instructor-oriented material for pilot training is a maneuvers guide or handbook which includes the PTS as an integral part of the description of maneuvers and procedures. The traditional organization of a lesson plan is introduction, development, and conclusion, The introduction sets the stage for everything to come.